The Unified Field Theory

By: Hamza Omer

Though it's just an inch-long equation that even a child could write out, this theoretical formula is believed to have the potential to explain the fundamental workings of the Universe. It predicts every single movement of every single free-floating particle with great precision. This is the Theory of Everything. Scientist Albert Einstein died while studying this equation. Einstein believed this equation could help us understand the deepest principles of the Universe. Unfortunately, he passed before he could complete it.

So, What is the Unified Field Theory?

The Unified Field Theory is an ambitious attempt to unify all of physics under a single framework, aiming to explain every phenomenon in the Universe. It attempts to integrate the four fundamental forces of nature and to elucidate how they work in relation to one another. According to Michio Kaku, it has the potential to combine the greatest theory of the modern world, the Theory of Relativity, with the greatest theory of the microscopic world, Quantum Mechanics. If we ever find a theory that can do this, it will be called the Unified Field Theory, or the Theory of Everything.[2]

The two strongest contenders for Unified Field Theory are:

1. The Standard Model:

   

   Deconstructed standard model equation

   The Standard Model is a complex equation that is the closest developed theory we have to the Unified Field Theory. It aims to unify all the forces of nature except the gravitational force. Developed by particle physicists in the 1950s to describe how the building blocks of matter interact, including newly discovered bosons [1] [3], this model has limitations. First, it does not account for gravitational force, making it incompatible with the Theory of Relativity. Second, the Standard Model cannot explain why the mass of subatomic particles exceeds the sum of their constituents. For example, why the mass of a proton is greater than the combined masses of its three quarks. Beyond that, it must address the relationship between matter and antimatter. Furthermore, the Standard Model does not explain the composition of the dark matter, which constitutes the majority of the universe. Hence, it remains incomplete as a Unified Field Theory.[5]

2. String Theory: String Theory is still developing but is a strong contender for the Unified Field Theory. It proposes that reality consists of infinitesimal vibrating strings smaller than atoms, electrons, or quarks. These strings vibrate, twist, and fold in several microscopic dimensions, influencing everything from particle physics to gravity. String Theory seeks to reconcile Relativity (our current best theory of gravity) and Quantum Mechanics, which historically clashed. Over fifty years, its concepts have undergone rigorous theoretical and mathematical scrutiny. String Theory posits ten dimensions, with our Universe occupying four (length, width, height, and time); the others are theorized to be curled beyond our current understanding. However, challenges remain. [6]  String Theory is still evolving and lacks comprehensive explanations. Empirical evidence supporting it is scarce, and skepticism persists among physicists. Unlike the Standard Model, which has made numerous successful predictions, string theory has yet to confirm its theoretical predictions through empirical testing, presenting significant experimental challenges.[7]

Conclusion: The greatest challenge in physics remains unsolved; the search for a Unified Field Theory continues. Presently, the Standard Model outshines String Theory in terms of its development, testability, accurate predictions, and broad acceptance among physicists. Although it needs further refinement, string theory has proven to be very useful, perhaps even more useful than the Standard Model. Physics continues to advance, and only time will reveal whether a unified field theory will be discovered.

References:

1. Morrison, Ryan. “Changes to the Standard Model of Physics Could Point to a ‘God Equation.’” Mail Online, 8 Apr. 2021, www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9449147/Changes-Standard-Model-physics-point-God-Equation.html (Accessed on 23.06.24)

2. Whitworth, Elizabeth. “The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything.” Shortform Books, 23 Aug. 2023, www.shortform.com/blog/the-god-equation-the-quest-for-a-theory-of-everything (Accessed on 23.06.24)

3. “The Standard Model.” CERN, 24 June 2024, home.cern/science/physics/standard-model (Accessed on 23.06.24)

4. MacDonald, Fiona. “This Is What the Standard Model of Physics Actually Looks Like : ScienceAlert.” ScienceAlert, 3 Aug. 2016, sciencealert.com/this-is-what-the-standard-model-of-physics-actually-looks-like (Accessed on 23.06.24)

5. Science Ready. “Limitations of the Standard Model of Matter – HSC Physics.” Science Ready, scienceready.com.au/pages/limitations-of-the-standard-model-of-matter (Accessed on 23.06.24)

6. Wood, Charlie, and Vicky Stein. “What Is String Theory?” Space.com, 18 May 2023, www.space.com/17594-string-theory.html (Accessed on 23.06.24)

7. Foster, Brendan Z. “Will String Theory Finally Be Put to the Experimental Test?” Scientific American, 20 Feb. 2024, www.scientificamerican.com/article/will-string-theory-finally-be-put-to-the-experimental-test (Accessed on 23.06.24)